A Vivifying Spirit: Quaker Practice and Reform in Antebellum America. Hosted by Janet Moore Lindman at Summer 2023 Salem QM, held at Mickleton Friends Meeting.

American Quakerism changed dramatically in the antebellum era owing to both internal and external forces, including schism, industrialization, western migration, and reform activism. With the “Great Separation” of the 1820s and subsequent divisions during the 1840s and 1850s, new Quaker sects emerged. Some maintained the quietism of the previous era; others became more austere; still others were heavily influenced by American evangelicalism and integration into modern culture.

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